在上课的过程中，经常发现同学们在某些题目当中发现不了对立，或者说反复出现的矛盾大家总是浪费时间在其他无意义的线索上，所以今天就这一点跟大家稍微聊一聊，说说GRE填空题目里面常遇到的一些概念比较，帮助大家节省时间精力，做题又快又准确。
1. 入侵物种/本地物种
题目当中一旦提到物种，基本就以入侵物种为主，而它的表达方式是初次接触GRE的同学不熟悉的。我们一起来看一看大家会在题目和选项当中碰到的种种“入侵物种”的说法：
invasive species = exotic species = introduced species = non-indigenous species = non-native species
题目当中，大家牢记，“入侵物种”的对立面只有一个，就是“本地物种”：
local species = native species = endemic species = non-introduced species = indigenous species
记住这两个概念的种种表达形式，大家能够快速准确的完成题目，避免GRE填空题目当中大量无用信息的干扰，这里给大家简单地举两个题目↓：
1.1 Origin, distribution, and habitat are included in the book for some but not all of the plants; offering this information for each species would have given readers a clearer appreciation of the differences between ______ and introduced species.
A. endemic
B. native
C. seasonal
D. rare
E. unusual
F. dominant
此题当中弄懂刚才讲解的概念的同学应该发现了这道题目当中真正有价值的信息只有最后的几个单词：differences between ______ and introduced species。其实题目就是问大家introduced species的反面是什么，“入侵物种”的反面就是“本地物种”，答案为AB。
下面的一道题同学们自己完成：
1.2 Although one can adduce myriad examples of ecosystem disruption by non-indigenous species, nevertheless most introduced species that survive in fact appear to have quite ______ effects on the ecosystems they have invaded.
A. minimal
B. trifling
C. marked
D. conspicuous
E. intriguing
F. deleterious
这里考到了“入侵物种”的两个表达方式（我以加粗形式给同学们表现出来了），必须将这二者划上等号这个句子才完整，才有逻辑。答案为AB，请大家自行思考。
2. 劳工关系
工会（laborunion）和公司（company/business owner）的关系一直都是对立的，原因非常简单易懂：工会存在的目的是为工人争取薪资，工作条件，工作时间等；而公司追求股东的利益最大化，所以二者之间从来都是不可调和的矛盾，二者从来都是对立的，此消彼长。我们来看一下↓：
2.1 Miller reminded his client that labor relations are inherently ______: the interests of business owners’ are diametrically opposed to those of the employees.
A. constant
B. immutable
C. changeable
D. variable
E. antagonistic
F. adversarial
题目当中labor relations意为劳工关系，冒号后面其实也给大家提示了二者是“截然对立”（diametrically opposed）。
2.2 Members of the union’s negotiating team insisted on several changes to the company’s proposal before they would support it, making it clear that they would ______ no compromise.
A. disclose
B. reject
C. brook
D. tolerate
E. repudiate
F. weigh
题目当中union和company已经给大家标识好，二者还是进行利益的斗争，还是没有妥协。答案为CD，请大家自行完成。
2.3 The union states its position polemically; its leaders say they are fighting to save good jobs while ______ corporations replace full-time workers with part-time ones in order to cut down on both wages and benefits.
A. precarious
B. enterprising
C. rapacious
D. troubled
E. influential
F. avaricious
题目当中工会为大家争取福利，但是公司追求利益，答案为CF。
3. 科学和轶事
科学（science）和轶事（anecdote）之间是矛盾的关系。
科学是依据客观观察进行研究；轶事是没有经过科学验证，道听途说的故事，没有可信性。一旦提到科学的推断的对立面，那么anecdote就是大家的常见备选选项。
3.1 Many of the unusual behaviors attributed to crows – such as drinking coffee or presenting gifts to people who feed them – are based on (i)______ and therefore fall into the category of (ii)______ rather than science.
这道题目当中第二个空格问rather than science，也就是science的对立面，再结合前面的句子，anecdote就是正确的选项。答案为CD。
3.2 There has been (i)______ elephant’s fabled mental capacities until recently, when these behavioral observations have begun to be(ii)______ by brain science. MRI scans of an elephant’s brain suggest that even relative to its overall size it has a large hippocampus, the component in the mammalian brain linked to memory and an important part of its limbic system, which is involved in processing emotions.
第二句MRI扫描告诉了我们说brainis involved in processing emotions，所以大脑和情感相联系了，因此二空格这里这种言论被大脑科学证明了。
一空格后面有个until recently，告诉了我们时间对比，后面是被科学（science）证明，前面就是没证明：anecdotal evidence轶事证据。
答案为CD
3.3 The difficulty for nineteenth-century advocates of the claim that forests helped regulate climate was that their argument (i)______historical anecdote and observations. Proving the forest-climate link through verifiable and experimental scientific means rather than observation was (ii)______for these individuals, a situation that eventually led to the link (iii)______ justifications for forest conservation.
该题一空格后面的historical anecdote，直接告诉了我们这些支持者们（advocates）存在的问题（difficulty）肯定就是依赖了“轶事”（historical anecdote）。二空格前面说scientificmeans和前一句的anecdote形成对立，接下来就迎刃而解了。答案为CDH，请同学们自行完成。
4. 虚构和现实
fictional（小说的）在填空题目里面，它被考察以“虚构的”这个词意，它的对立面有两种表达方式：1.non-fictional 2. documentary（纪实的）。而“虚构的”这个概念有时不会说的非常明确，或者用novel/novelist这个单词来替换，小说这种题材就是虚构的，是等价的语义替换，同样，“纪实的，现实的”这个词意会被ETS用journalist来替换。给大家整理一下这两个词意的几个表达方式：
虚构的：fictional=novel小说=novelist小说家
现实的：non-fictional=documentary纪实的=journalist新闻记者=ethic伦理
4.1 Although its director______ that the movie uses a documentary approach in portraying the famous sit-down strike, in practice its characters are heavily fictionalized and fall into familiar Hollywood types.
A. asserts
B. concedes
C. guarantees
D. disputes
E. grants
F. maintains
此题当中有些同学找不到前后两句话的联系，就因为没有注意到documentary和fictionalized这两个单词的关系，文中说电影使用了纪录片的（documentary）手法来展现罢工，后面说实际上这些角色是严重的虚构化的（fictionalized），答案为AF。
4.2 Leo Tolstoy wrote many works of nonfiction and professed (i)______ these explorations of ethics and religion compared with his novels and short stories. The fiction writer in him, however, was hard to(ii)______. Handi Murdd is a short novel with the breadth and power of an epic, with vivid characterization and intense storytelling that sweep the reader away. While the reader senses the moral concerns of the tale’s creator, the novel is a far cry from the (iii)______ of Tolstoy’s nonfiction.
此题部分同学觉得第一个空格没有线索，原因就在于non-fiction的几个语义替换不是很熟悉，这里面non-fiction（非小说，也就是纪实文章）等同于第一句当中后面的ethics（伦理学）and religion（宗教）这两个单词，这样第一句大家就会得到真正的面目：Leo Tolstoy wrote non-fictions and professed (i)______ non-fictions compared with his fictions。答案为ADG。
5. 逻辑和本能/先天和后天
逻辑和本能
logical（逻辑的）和intuitive（本能的）有时同学们会很唐突的放在一起。其实这两个单词是完全矛盾的，不可协调的：logical是大脑理性思考的结果，是需要进行分析思考推理；而intuitive是我们天生具有的直觉，不需要进行客观的分析。因此如果同学们发现一个事物同时具有“逻辑”和“本能”两个特点，那么必然是分析错误了。
5.1 Trying to fix problems that affect vast numbers ofpeople has an intuitive appeal that politicians and policy makers find(i)______, but several ware houses of research studies show that intuition is often a poor guide to fixing (ii)______ problems.
该题最容易出错的是第一个空格，同学们会很容易选择A来满足对intuition is often a poor guide这句话取反，从而选择poor的反面。但是如果选择了A，这句话就变成了anintuitive appeal thatis logical, 也就是说这个appeal既是intuitive，也是logical的，这其实是矛盾的，不可取。答案为BE。
先天和后天
此外还有一个概念就是“天生的”和“后天的”，二者也是完全对立的，这两个单词分别是“天生的”：innate=inborn=instinctive；“后天的”：acquired=advanced。下面这道例题交给大家，希望大家注意：
5.2 Given children’s active fantasy lives, one might think of truthfulness as a young child’s(i)______ virtue, it turns out that lying is the more (ii)______ skill. A.child who is going to lie must recognize the truth, intellectually conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly sell that new reality to someone else. Therefore, lying (iii)______ both cognitive development and social skills that honesty simply doesn’t’ require.
答案为BDI
最后，希望大家能够在平时背单词之余好好复习总结做过的错题，举一反三，才能有效突破GRE填空，达到事半功倍的效果。
责任编辑：李继伟
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