众所皆知，SSAT暨美国中考，文章话题体裁多样，涉及历史，天文，生物，人文，文学等。其中历史类的阅读中的内容包括美国的一些历史性战争、一些女权主义事件等等。今天就让小编来给大家分享美国的一些历史性战争。

　　For example：

　　Independent War(American Revolution)关键词： George Washington, colonial American, The Declaration of Independence

　　Civil War: Abraham Lincoln, assassinate, Confederates,union, slavery system, Emancipation Proclamation

　　World War I

　　World War II

　　Cold War : Soviet union   VS United States Communism VS Capitalism, altruism

　　Korea War,Vietnam War, Iraq War

　　如果考生们已经对美国战争史有了一个基本的了解，并且能够熟练掌握解题技巧时，就会很快发现，下面这篇关于南北战争和林肯的文章，很容易完成！

　　一. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War

　　Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated in March of 1861 as the sixteenth President of the United States.

　　During 1861, southern states were trying to secede from the union   of the United States(有题问这是什么意思，应该选political separation from…)and form their own country. Lincoln, though against these paration, made clear in his inaugural address that he held no malice toward the South: "There need be no blood-shed or violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government, and to collect the duties and imposts(有题问imposts的意思，选taxes); but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere." On April 12th, 1861, the Confederates opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, and the Civil War began. Two years later, on January 1st, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation(有题问下面那个词与它意思最接近，选liberty/liberation那个) Proclamation, a declaration that stated that "all slaves in States or parts of States then in rebellion" were free. On April 9th, 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox, ending the war.

　　On April 14th, 1865 at Ford's Theatre in Washington,D.C., Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes-Booth. He died on April 15th from the wound. Though he never authored any books, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address,given on November 19th, 1863, is one of the best-known speeches of any decade."Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

　　这三道题其实都是关于前后逻辑关系的

　　1. During 1861, southern states were trying to secede from the union   of the United States and form their own country. Lincoln,though against the separation

　　“and” 前后表并列关系，应选选项应与“form their own country”意思一致，并且后一句的“against the separation “ 更加确定了应选“political separation from”

　　2. to collect the duties and imposts

　　同样根据 “and” 前后表示并列关系， imposts 与 duties应该是同义，而collect duties应表示征税，“duty” 有责任，关税。答案为”taxes”

　　3. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a declaration that stated that "all slaves in States or parts of States thenin rebellion" were free.

　　Emancipation Proclamation后面逗号后紧跟解释，关键词“free”, 因此选“liberty”

　　是不是感觉很简单呢？如果答案是NO, 考生们，是不是应该去了解一下美国的基本历史了？着眼于上一篇文章题材，我们首先回顾一下美国的南北战争。

　　二. The American Civil War(1861-1865)

　　The American Civil War (1861-1865) , often referred to simply as The Civil War in the United States, was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("the union"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.

　　In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republicans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the new administration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the Confederate States of America. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.The other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. No country in the world recognized the Confederacy.

　　Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slavestates. Both sides raised armies as the union   seized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the Confederacy beat back union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening. Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.

　　In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the union  gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army that were to support his push into Virginia. He fought several battles of attrition against Lee through the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Peters burg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way.When the Confederate attempt to defend Peters burg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

　　The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Peters burg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40.Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.

　　美国南北战争(1861-1865)，通常被称为在美国南北战争，是一场在美利坚合众国进行的内战。在亚伯拉罕·林肯作为美国总统的选举中，来自美国的11个南部蓄奴州宣布他们的分裂，并形成了美国南部邦联(“邦联”)，其他25个州支持联邦政府(“联盟”)。经过4年的战争，大多是在南方各州，联邦投降，并在全国各地奴隶制被取缔。导致战争的问题，部分解决重建中的时代之后，虽然仍然没有得到解决。

　　在1860年的总统选举中，共和党在亚伯拉罕·林肯的带领下反对将奴隶制扩大到已经存在的洲之外。共和党人大力提倡民族主义，在1860年的政纲中，他们谴责不团结的威胁，称之为叛国的誓言。在共和党获胜后，但在新政府于1861年3月4日上台之前，七个棉花州宣布脱离联邦，并加入组成了美国联邦。即将卸任的总统詹姆斯·布坎南（James Buchanan）和即将上任的下届政府都拒绝承认分裂的合法性，认为这是叛乱。其他8个奴隶州则拒绝了此时要求分裂的呼声。世界上没有一个国家承认南方联盟。

　　1861年4月12日，南卡罗莱纳州萨姆特堡的一个美军设施遭到南部联邦军队的袭击，敌对行动开始。林肯作出回应，要求各州派遣一支志愿军夺回联邦财产，结果又有四个奴隶洲宣布脱离联邦。在战争初期，随着联邦夺取了边境国家的控制权并建立了海上封锁，双方都提高了军队。1861年至1862年，东部的土地战争没有结果，因为南方联盟击退了北方联盟并努力攻占其首都弗吉尼亚州、里士满，特别是在半岛战役期间。1862年9月，南方联盟在马里兰州的战役以安提坦战役的失败告终，这场战役阻止了英国的干预。在那场战争之后的几天，林肯发表了《解放宣言》，将结束奴隶制作为战争目标。

　　1863年，邦联将军罗伯特·E·李向北前进，在葛底斯堡战役中以失败告终。在西面，在希洛战役和维克斯堡围攻之后，联邦控制了密西西比河，将联邦一分为二，并摧毁了他们西部的大部分军队。由于尤利西斯·S·格兰特在西方的成功，他于1864年被授予东部军队的指挥权，并组织威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔曼、菲利普·谢里丹等军队从四面八方进攻邦联，增加了北方的人力优势。格兰特重组了联邦军队，并让其他将军掌管军队的各个师支持他进军弗吉尼亚州。他通过陆路攻占里士满的战役，与李明博进行了几次消耗战，尽管面对激烈的抵抗，他改变了计划，领导了对彼得堡的围攻，几乎消灭了李明博的其他军队。与此同时，谢尔曼攻占亚特兰大，并向大海进军，一路上摧毁了邦联的基础设施，当南部邦联企图保卫彼得堡失败时，邦联的军队撤退了，但被追击和击败，导致李明博于1865年4月9日在阿波马托克斯法院向格兰特投降。

　　美国内战是最早的真正的工业战争之一。铁路、电报、轮船和大规模生产的武器被广泛使用。由乔治亚州的谢尔曼发展起来的全面战争和彼得堡周围的战壕战争的实践预示着欧洲的第一次世界大战。这仍然是美国历史上伤亡最惨重的战争，造成62万士兵死亡，平民伤亡人数不明。历史学家约翰·哈德斯顿估计，20-45岁的北方男性死亡人数占总死亡人数的10%，18-40岁的南方白人男性死亡人数占总死亡人数的30%。这场战争的社会、政治、经济和种族问题决定性地塑造了持续到1877年的重建时代。

　　其次我们来回顾一下林肯的著名演讲吧！

　　三. Gettysburg Address

　　Delivered on the 19th Day of November, 1863 Cemetery Hill, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

　　Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that Nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who gave their lives that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

　　But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead, we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that this Nation, under GOD, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth."

　　Abraham Lincoln

　　1863年11月19日，宾夕法尼亚州葛底斯堡公墓山。

　　87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家，它孕育于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。现在我们正从事一场伟大的内战，以考验这个国家，或者任何一个孕育于自由和奉行上述原则的国家是否能够长久存在下去。我们在这场战争中的一个伟大战场上集会。烈士们为使这个国家能够生存下去而献出了自己的生命，我们来到这里，是要把这个战场的一部分奉献给他们作为最后安息之所。我们这样做是完全应该而且是非常恰当的。

　　但是，从更广泛的意义上来说，这块土地我们不能够奉献，不能够圣化，不能够神化。那些曾在这里战斗过的勇士们，活着的和去世的，已经把这块土地圣化了，这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。我们今天在这里所说的话，全世界不大会注意，也不会长久地记住，但勇士们在这里所做过的事，全世界却永远不会忘记。毋宁说，倒是我们这些还活着的人，应该在这里把自己奉献于勇士们已经如此崇高地向前推进但尚未完成的事业。倒是我们应该在这里把自己奉献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务——我们要从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神，来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业;我们要在这里下定最大的决心，不让这些死者白白牺牲;我们要使国家在上帝福佑下得到自由的新生，要使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。

　　当然美国历史远不止美国战争史，anti-slavery必须重视，美国女权运动也不容忽视。

　　而谈到女性，你肯定很熟悉“碧池”，对，就是我们常常听到的B*, 这个词早在15世纪就被用来贬低女性, 直到上世纪二十年代，“碧池” 才成为骂街吵架的热门词汇，甚至一度达到井喷式的传播速度。1915年到1930年这十五年间，“碧池” 在报纸上的使用率足足增加了一倍。究其原因，还是因为英国妇女的普选权得到了保障。没错，就是那个叫苏珊·B·安东尼(Susan B. Anthony)的 “碧池” 为妇女征得了选举的权利，男人们因此而垂头丧气;不久，“碧池” 就成了所有恼人女性的代名词。

　　SO, 如果下次考到美国女权运动，千万不要说你不认识女权运动第一人Susan B.Anthony！

　　总而言之，SSAT阅读中的美国一些历史性战争还有很多，这些都需要考生们自己去收集和了解。小编希望想考SSAT的考生们能够认真地看一下今天分享的几个美国的历史性战争，为考SSAT做好准备！

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