托福阅读的文章题材众多，而其中的说明文是托福考试中比较高频出现的一种文章题材。由于说明文大多涉及到一些对于大部分考生来说是比较枯燥的内容，所以考生们往往不太喜欢多做相关的练习，因此对于解题思路方面也常有些欠缺。

　　托福阅读中的说明文是一种比较常见的文章类型，而涉及到这种文章类型的题目一般也有较高的难度，因此考生需要从文章结构开始就了解说明文的解题思路，然后多些进行相关的练习。下面小编就结合实例来为大家做具体的解读。

　　托福阅读说明文怎么看懂？

　　一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景以及引出下文；之后的主体段中，结构也很清晰：主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。 其实这就跟我们的高考语文有着异曲同工之妙。下面让我们来看看实例解析：

　　The Roman Army's Impact on Britain（选自官方真题Official-19）

　　In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

　　these troops had a considerable impact on Britain，也就是第一句讲述的意思是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。之后的2～4句其实是交代前提内容，开始具体的说明，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那么既然不是平均分布的，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说明了有些地方的士兵少：很快地融入了帝国的区域；第四句是说有些地方的士兵多而且影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，到底有哪些影响：军营先要征地；然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会；之后社会的发展受到阻碍，人民因不满而反抗，最后遭到军事镇压。

　　首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读的重点。

　　所以总共7句话的段落，分层为三个层次，主旨句 + 前提说明 + 重点阐述。事实上，段落的第一句话就完成了background + introduction的双重目的：英国被罗马帝国征服 + 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。

　　Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

　　第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买能力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

　　Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. ....These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

　　第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花；最后军队的驻扎地变成了小镇。

　　The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

　　第四段开始讲述另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵来获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

　　This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

　　第五段，做了一个小总结，讲这种融合的过程及当地的招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

　　通过对上文的实例讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读说明文的基本结构和解题思路也有了一定的了解。之后大家在通过一些练习加深对说明文的认识和提炼解题的方法，以后面对这类高频阅读文章类型就能够顺利解答并且能够确保得分了。

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