很多同学都说，外刊的文章都好长，怎么读得完呢？读完也记不住文章说了啥。考试的时候也是，看见长文章就自闭了，怎么办呢？

　　在信息爆炸的时代，谁不希望单位时间内获取更多有价值的信息？

　　今天就简单谈谈如何快速读长篇议论文。

　　秘籍1. 抓论点

　　在长篇文章中，每一段都是一个“自然段”，而不是GRE短文章、中文章那种经过大量压缩改写的“人工段”，因此基本每个段落都是围绕一个论点展开的，找到这个论点、读懂这个论点，就可以掌握全段的大意。把所有段落的论点合在一起，就是全文的总论点，也就是文章主旨。

　　如何找到每段论点？

　　1. 每段论点通常位于段落开头，且大多在首句（如原文节选的第三～六段）。需要注意的是，论点必须是观点，事实无法做论点。

　　2. 如果段落中有转折词（如：however, but, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless），或表示转折意味的词（如：“question”, “challenge”等表示质疑、反驳的词），则特别关注下其所在的句子，看是否跟段首论点相比改变了方向。这一点比较复杂，是课上讲解的重点之一，以后我们遇到例子再详细展开。

　　3. 例外情况

　　1）背景段：全段都在铺垫背景，引出话题，没有论点。这种“背景段”一般出现在文章第一段（例如本文原文首段）。

　　2）总结段：全段都是论点。这种情况一般出现在文章开头处或结尾处（不一定是严格意义的开头段或结尾段），归纳总结全文论点（例如本文原文第二段）。这种段落绝对是宝藏，读完基本就可以决定文章是否对你有价值、是否值得花时间再细读全文了。

　　秘籍2. 跳论据

　　论据服务于论点，对论点进行展开和支持。论据不会改变论点的方向和内容，只是起辅助作用。因此，就算读不懂论据，甚至没读论据，都不会影响对文章主旨的把握——若想读得快，即可先跳过论据。

　　如何找到论据？

　　1. 位置：为了避免歧义，论据通常紧随其展开支持的论点之后。

　　2. 长相：论据常常提供针对性的统计数据、调查研究、理论支持，或者他山之石，而这些都是我们用来识别论据的捷径良方。

　　? 举例：for example, for instance, such as…

　　? 举出study/ research/ survey等：A study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that…

　　3. 举出具体数字：It estimates that average wages rise by 20% in an occupation for every 10% rise in average hours. | Men in the rich world are twice as likely as women to work more than 48 hoursa week. | In America 20% of American fathers, but just 6% of mothers, work more than 50 hours a week.

　　4. 举出其他人、其他机构的观点：… says Youngjoo Cha of Indiana University… | “I wouldn’t be surprised if this new demand for flexibility creates new types of biases against women,” says Mr Bassanini.

　　接下来，我们运用秘籍来快速读完《经济学人》长文章。在字里行间，我们会用“【】”真实地向你展示出阅读的思考过程，并用加粗黑字标出论点。

　　原文选摘

　　字数：501 words （近似 GRE long passage 的长度）

　　考场上建议阅读时间：<5 min

　　Source: Working hours: Balancing act. The Economist. (September 7, 2019)

　　注：秉承批判性原则，本文立场与原文立场无关。

　　原文选摘

　　Getting hold of a Dutch woman on a Wednesday can betricky.【快速扫过背景，找论点】For mostprimary schools it is a half-day, and as three-quarters of working women arepart-time, it is a popular day to take off. The Dutch are world champions at part-time work and are often lauded for their healthy work-life balance and happy children. But these come at a price.【仍然是背景，继续快速扫，找论点】Among western European countries, the Netherlands has the largest gap between men’s and women’s pension entitlements, and the largest in monthly income. Even though a similar share of Dutch women are in the labour force as else where in western Europe, their contribution to GDP, at 33%, is far lower, largely because they work fewer hours.【读完发现只是个背景段，细节根本不需要记住，幸好没花大力气读细节】

　　【第二段了。这段总得有个论点了吧？】In the rich world part-time working took off in the second half of the 20th century, 【总算不再讨论Dutch women的具体例子了，论点有希望要出现了】as services replaced manufacturing and women piled into the labour market. It remains essential to helping women work【论点：part-time working的正面作用】, particularly after giving birth, and in countries with traditional gender norms. But it can prolong—or even worsen—gender inequality 【论点：part-time working的负面作用，且由“But”可知，前面一句讨论的正面作用只是在让步，本句讨论的负面作用才是文章讨论的重点】and make women less independent by locking them into jobs with worse pay and prospects. Differences in working hours explain a growing part of the gender pay gap. That share could increase as labour markets disproportionately reward those willing and able to work all hours— who are mostly men.【展开谈负面作用是如何造成的。整段基本都是论点，宝藏段落！下文估计就是针对每个论点进行展开了】

　　来源：《经济学人》

　　Indeed, the gender pay gap could even widen further. One reason is growing demand for “flexible”workers【首句论点，统领全段】, by which employers generally mean the opposite of what workers with caring responsibilities mean: permanently on-call rather than with predictable, mutually agreed hours and the ability to work from home. “I wouldn’t be surprised 【引号框起来的话语，肯定是引用观点；且无转折词，所以大概率是作论据】if this new demand for flexibility creates new types of biases against women,” says Mr Bassanini.

　　Mean while the hourly reward for working in professionswhere very long hours are the norm, such as law and consulting, has risendramatically. 【首句论点，统领全段】 A study【引用一个study作论据；如果觉得没必要进一步了解数据，可以跳过】published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that America’s gender pay gap would be asmuch as 46% smaller were it not for the increasingly disproportionate rewards for working extra hours since the 1980s. It estimates that average wages riseby 20% in an occupation for every 10% rise in average hours. This premium for uncompromising jobs means “women have been swimming upstream in terms of achieving wage parity,” write the authors. To make matters worse, says Youngjoo Cha of Indiana University, women in households where the man works more than 60 hours a week are three times as likely to stop work as women in households where the man works 35-50 hours a week. 【一目十行地扫了一眼这段，发现一堆数字，肯定都是论据，懒得读了】(A wife working long hours does not make a man any more likely to quit.) 【括号中经常有不重要但很好玩儿的信息】

　　来源：《经济学人》

　　As long as some people work punishing hours, the prospect of closing the gender pay gap appears remote.【首句论点，统领全段】Men in the rich world are twice as likely 【看到数字，就知道是论据，懒得读了】as women to work more than 48 hours a week. In America20% of American fathers, but just 6% of mothers, work more than 50 hours aweek. This is one of several arguments made by campaigners for a four-day working week.

　　Yet even modern, family-oriented men face a dilemma. 【首句论点，统领全段】Their requests to work part-time are more likely than women’s to be rejected. And those who do work part-time risk discrimination. A study  【引用一个study作论据，懒得读了】in which cvs were sent to prospective employers found that men whose cvs showed them as working part-time were just half as likely to get a call back as those who were identical, except that they were working full-time. Part-time women faced no such discrimination. As long as such double standards exist, many couples will still choose to scale back her career, rather than his.

　　忽略所有论据，把每段论点拼在一起，我们就可以将原文压缩提炼成：

　　It remains essential to helping women work, particularly after giving birth, and in countries with traditional gender norms. But it can prolong—or even worsen—gender inequality and make women less independent by locking them into jobs with worse pay and prospects. Differences in working hours explain a growing part of the gender pay gap. That share could increase as labour markets disproportionately reward those willing and able to work all hours — who are mostly men. Indeed, the gender pay gap could even widen further. One reason is growing demand for “flexible” workers. Meanwhile the hourly reward for working inprofessions where very long hours are the norm, such as law and consulting, hasrisen dramatically. As long as some people work punishing hours, the prospect of closing the gender pay gap appears remote. Yet even modern, family-orientedmen face a dilemma.

　　全文仅143个词，类似GRE阅读中的短文章。按这个“抓论点”、“跳论据”的方法，瞬间就把长文章变成短文章了，能节省不少时间，提升阅读效率。

　　今后第一遍读长文章的时候，先别一头扎进细节里，而要立足全局，优先快速抓住论点、把握全文主旨和结构；如果有题目问到细节，再根据题干，读相关信息即可。

　　在这个信息爆炸的时代，一起享受快速阅读长文章给你带来的成就感吧 : )

　　阅读，可以很有趣。

　　阅读，看到更大的世界。

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