雅思阅读每日习题：Early Childhood Education

　　本文整理了雅思阅读每日习题：Early Childhood Education供大家参考使用，预祝各位考生在雅思阅读考试中取得优异的成绩！

　　New Zealand's National Party spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith,

　　recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his trip

　　and what they could mean for New Zealand's education policy

　　A

　　'Education To Be More' was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government's Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that's a real need; but since parents don't normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all?

　　B

　　A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words — most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.

　　Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world.

　　C

　　It is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That's observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called 'Headstart' was launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of poorer families succeed in school.

　　Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day, 'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment.

　　D

　　As a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child's life and the disappointing results from 'Headstart', a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child's first teachers. The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home.

　　The programme involved trained parent — educators visiting the parents' home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were provided, plus guidance in fostering the child's intellectual, language, social and motor-skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child's educational and sensory development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to professionals.

　　Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest. Parent resource centres, located in school buildings, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for child care.

　　E

　　At the age of three, the children who had been involved in the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of socio-economic backgrounds and family situations, and also a random sample of children that age. The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of the top 15 to 20 per cent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension, verbal ability and language ability.

　　Most important of all, the traditional measures of 'risk', such as parents' age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development. Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages. Child abuse was virtually eliminated. The one factor that was found to affect the child's development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.

　　F

　　These research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage. The initiative outlined above could break that cycle of disadvantage. The concept of working with parents in their homes, or at their place of work, contrasts quite markedly with the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. Their focus is on getting children and mothers access to childcare and institutionalized early childhood education. Education from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a similar focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.

　　Questions 1-4

　　Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.

　　Which paragraph contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

　　1 details of the range of family types involved in an education programme

　　2 reasons why a child's early years are so important

　　3 reasons why an education programme failed

　　4 a description of the positive outcomes of an education programme

　　Questions 5-10

　　Classify the following features as characterising

　　A the 'Headstart' programme

　　B the 'Missouri' programme

　　C both the 'Headstart' and the 'Missouri' programmes

　　D neither the 'Headstart' nor the 'Missouri' programme

　　Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.

　　5 was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families

　　6 continued with follow-up assistance in elementary schools

　　7 did not succeed in its aim

　　8 supplied many forms of support and training to parents

　　9 received insufficient funding

　　10 was designed to improve pre-schoolers' educational development

　　Questions 11-13

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　11 Most 'Missouri' programme three-year-olds scored highly in areas such as listening speaking, reasoning and interacting with others.

　　12 'Missouri' programme children of young, uneducated, single parents scored less highly on the tests.

　　13 The richer families in the 'Missouri' programme had higher stress levels.

　　下页是本篇阅读题目的答案解析，一起来具体的了解以一下：

　　Question 1

　　答案： D

　　关键词：details / the range of / family types /an education programme

　　定位原文: D段第3句”The four-year pilot study included…”

　　解题思路: 定位句对应题干上的the range of family。接下来作者详细地描述了这些家庭的状况：They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked，and families with either the mother or father at home.正好可以对应题干上的details一词。注意：尽管E段也提到了家庭，但是其论述重点已经不在干表明家庭的多样性，故不选。

　　Question 2

　　答案：B

　　关键词：reasons /early years / important

　　定位原文: B段内容

　　解题思路: 在这一部分怍者从两方面论述了早教为什么重要，尽管本段并没有直接说出reason这个词，但是我们足以总结出早期教育对儿童十分重要。答案是B

　　Question 3

　　答案： C

　　关键词：reasons / failed

　　定位原文: C段第2小段

　　解题思路: 这一部分直接阐述了explanations，所以对应题目。

　　Question 4

　　答案：E

　　关键词：description / positive outcomes

　　定位原文: E段第1小段内容

　　解题思路: programme were evaluated... The results were phenomenal...这些都对应了题目的总结。

　　Question 5

　　答案：B

　　关键词：poor/ wealthy

　　定位原文: D段第3句“The four-year pilot study included…”

　　解题思路: 其中a cross-section of socio-economic status 就证明该项目包含了 不同经济状况的家庭。而这一点在Headstart计划中并未提到。

　　Question 6

　　答案：D

　　关键词：follow-up/ elementary schools

　　定位原文: C、D、E段

　　解题思路: 题干：哪个项目包括在小学中提供后续帮助?结果是：两个顼目都没有提到这一点。所以答案选D。

　　Question 7

　　答案： A

　　关键词：did not succeed

　　定位原文: C段第2小段

　　解题思路: 定位句得知属于Headstart 项目。

　　Question 8

　　答案： B

　　关键词：support and training / parents

　　定位原文: D段第2小段

　　解题思路: 定位句得知属于Missouri项目。

　　Question 9

　　答案：D

　　关键词：insufficient funding

　　定位原文: C段第2小段

　　解题思路: C 段：Despite substantial funding...这句话证明Headstart计划资金充足。而关干密苏里计划，作者根本就没有提到资金的问题。所以这道题目只能选D。

　　Question 10

　　答案：C

　　关键词：pre-schoolers

　　定位原文: C段第1小段第3句;D段第1小段第1句

　　解题思路: C段定位句证明Headstart计划的目的正是为了促进儿童的教育;D段定位句证明密苏里计划是为了弥补Headstart计划的不足而产生的新计划，所以目标也是为了提升儿童的教育。所以答案选C。

　　Question 11

　　答案：TRUE

　　关键词：Missouri

　　定位原文: E段第1小段

　　解题思路: listening 等同于文中auditory comprehension;speaking 等同于文中verbal ability and language ability;reasoning 等同于文中problem solving;interacting 等同于文中social development。

　　Question 12

　　答案： FALSE

　　关键词：Missouri / young / uneducated / single

　　定位原文: E段第2小段第1句

　　解题思路: 定位句这句话明确表明家长的年龄，教育背景，或是否是单亲家庭，对孩子的成绩和语言发展都没有太太的影响。

　　Question 13

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：richer

　　定位原文: D段和E段

　　解题思路：如果回到文章通读密苏里计划所在的D段和E段，我们会发现作者根本没有提到富裕家庭所面临的压力问题。作者只在E段末句提到人们发现的惟一一个会影响孩子发展的因素就是由于家庭压力所导致的亲子交流质量不佳。而这种交流在较为贫困的家庭倒不一定差。但是从这句话我们也无法推知富裕家庭的压力是否更大。

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