转折只会because？80组雅思替换用法为写作加分！

　　今天烤鸭君就给大家送来了超级干货——80组雅思转折替换用法，助你早日屠鸭！

　　如果你在写作时除了because就不知道该怎样转折了，那么今天雅思写作中最常见的一种论证方法：因果论证，以及里面可以用到的一些表达，可供你参考。

　　下面的总结分为 4 大类：

　　基础替换词：比如 since、as、due to 等

　　从句和句型：比如 which leads to、with 结构等

　　表达的转述：比如 be responsible for 等

　　不完全替换：比如 by dint of 等

　　其中重点推荐第 2 种和第 3 种方式，希望各位小烤鸭看完后会觉得非常实用，以至于下次写到 because的时候可能都会觉得不替换不舒服。

　　一. 不完全替换

　　1. in this way 这样

　　例句：In this way， the manager develops a powerful data base of information.

　　2. as long as 只要

　　例句：There are few moral limits imposed， so long as what happens is between consenting adults.

　　3. 一定程度表示“因为”，后面接句子，但是相对非常少用了：

　　insomuch as

　　inasmuch as

　　insomuch that

　　insofar as

　　insofar that

　　例句1：The economic forecast for the coming decade looks promising， inasmuch as we can predict that far in advance.

　　例句2：The present study was limited in this regard insofar that behavior change was not assessed.

　　4. 表示“考虑到，鉴于”的意思：

　　considering

　　seeing that

　　given

　　in consideration of

　　in view of the fact that

　　例句1：Given such a dramatic impact on children's lives， one might expect today's high divorce rate to be viewed more widely as a national crisis.

　　例句2：Seeing that there is often poor visibility， the site chosen as an airport is not appropriate.

　　5. in order to

　　in order that 为了

　　例句：All the parts for this kind of machine must be made of especially strong materials in order that they will not break while in use .

　　6. out of 从…中来

　　例句：Confidence enables you to win， and by winning you get enjoyment out of the game.

　　7. not … until 直到…才

　　例句：It is not until the recent nuclear leakage that the increasingly dangerous nature of the nuclear power has become clear.

　　8. by dint of 凭借

　　例句：Trying new and different products by dint of what new and different labels show up on the bar has become second nature to them.

　　二. 表达的转述

　　这里的所有表达，原意思都不是完全的表达“因为”或者“所以“。但是当两者有前后因果关系时，根据具体的情况，可以尝试表达更加自然一些。

　　使用的时候，记得根据原始场景的褒贬意思，以及具体的情况进行调整。有任何不确定的地方，多多参考例句和查词典。

　　1. be responsible for / be held accountable for 负责任

　　例句：Low-cost airline travel has been responsible for the marked growth in the number of passengers who take trips on scheduled airlines.

　　2. be a major culprit in 是…的罪魁祸首

　　例句：It is said that carbon pollution is a major culprit in driving the planet into ecological overdraft.

　　3. be instrumental to 有帮助的

　　例句：This state of affairs， if not changed， will not be instrumental to the implementation of the Tax Law.

　　4. come from 来自于，由于

　　例句：A dignity comes from being in control.

　　5. stem from 基于

　　例句：Many of the universities' problems stem from rapid expansion.

　　6. breed 孕育，导致

　　例句：There is ample historical evidence that government control over banks' lending canbreed cronyism and misallocation of funds.

　　7. be derived from 源自于

　　例句：Technical goals are not terribly meaningful to the success of a product unless they are derived from the need to meet other more human-oriented goals.

　　8.generate 产生

　　例句：It is falsely believed that higher taxes and more state involvement in the economy cangenerate prosperity.

　　9. create 造成，引起

　　例句：Eliminating such inequalities in the early years of life would simply create a new kind of inequality， driven by genetics.

　　10. play a major role in 扮演重要角色

　　例句：Efficiency， courtesy， and trustworthiness may play a major role in product differentiation.

　　11. be associated with / be implicated in 和…有关

　　例句：Smoking cigarette is known to be implicated in the development of some cancers.

　　12.account for 是…的原因，合理解释

　　例句：Even if correct， however， this explanation would not account for the health problems of their younger daughter， who has not yet attended high school.

　　13.in the wake of 接踵而来

　　例句：In the wake of developments in science and technology， man has become more capable of conquering nature.

　　14. stimulated by / spurred by 在…的刺激下

　　例句1：Stimulated by the favorable policies， industry of animation and comics gradually prospered and made remarkable achievements.

　　例句2：Stimulated by factors such as increase in the investment， the industrial growth was accelerated.

　　15. trigger 名词动词均可，表示：引发，(不良的反应的)起因

　　例句：the power outage was triggered by heavy rains.

　　The trigger for the strike was the closure of yet another factory.

　　16. spark off 引发(一般不好的结果)

　　例句：Changes in ecosystems could lead to social， economic and political change， and couldspark off wars.

　　17. occasion 引起

　　例句：The failure of the crops occasioned the rise in price.

　　18.conduce to 有助于

　　例句：Each producer， in paying his quota of the taxes levied generally for the construction of roads， pays for the use of those which conduce to his convenience.

　　19. incur 带来(成本、花费等)

　　例句：A disunited nation has to incur unduly high costs of government.

　　20. ensue 接着发生(不及物动词) / ensure from 结果产生于

　　例句1：Consequently， there can be a lot of competition during the negotiations that ensue afterward.

　　例句2：The evils ensue from lack of astable government.

　　21. by virtue of 由于(中性词)

　　例句1：By virtue of this superior quality， this product is often sold out of stock in many areas.

　　例句2：Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food， by virtue of their clearness， toughness， and low cost.

　　22. on the score of 因为

　　例句：There is another possibility on the score of fresh evidence.

　　三. 从句和句型

　　Group 1

　　1. … ， which leads to …

　　2. with … ， …

　　with 结构除了表示“随着”，也可以表达“因为”。后面记得不接常规完整句子，而是名词，或者一些分词的形式。

　　例句：I couldn’t sleep with the noise of the traffic.

　　3. The reason why … is that …

　　The reason why 后面接结果，is that 后面加原因，都是写完整的句子。

　　4. This is because …

　　5. The main/ primary reason is that … .

　　6. That is why … .

　　例句：That is why this year is likely to be just the beginning of many discussions like the one at the Munich security conference.

　　7. It is only because … that …

　　例句：It is only because we have become used to these extraordinarily fragile structuresthat this demand seems so outrageous.

　　Group 2

　　1. …， leading to …

　　2. …， thus doing …

　　3. …， thereby doing …

　　例句：Unions often rely on volunteers to administrate， thereby keeping costs at a minimum.

　　4. thereby

　　例句：This is due to ignorant motorists who fail to stop and thereby put the lives of her and the children at risk.

　　5. leading to

　　这个可以用任何其他表示"导致"的词汇去替换。

　　例句：A second object was described to be identical to the one seen by the second mission，leading to the same conclusion as to its risk.

　　后两个句子种的 doing，要根据句子本身表达的内容去写对应的动词。thereby 单独用的时候，一般在句中，做一个普通的副词。

　　Group 3

　　1. be a contributing factor

　　例句：Human error may have been a contributing factor.

　　2. be a factor contributing to

　　3. be a contributory cause of

　　例句：Smoking may be a contributory cause of the disease.

　　4. be contributing to

　　be a major contributor to

　　attribute … to …

　　… be attributed to

　　… be attributable to

　　contribute 和 attribute 某种程度来讲是一对反义词。前者是 A 促成了 B，后者是把 B 归因于 A。所以后者更多用被动来表达。

　　例句1：Supermarkets are the main contributors to this mountain of food.

　　例句2：Juvenile delinquency can be attributed to parental permissiveness.

　　例句3：The health problems are attributable to a poor diet and lack of exercise.

　　Group 4

　　第 1、2 个表达强调后面的原因是最重要的，后面 3 个都表达这个原因是相对次要的。

　　1. …， not least because …

　　2. …， in large part because

　　例句：Despite well-intentioned policies and laws， the situation on the ground is often quite different， in large part because of the difficulty of enforcement， both within and across borders.

　　3. …， if for no other (better) reason than

　　例句：It is essential， if for no other reason than for a unity in teaching， that each member of the school community adopts a common outlook on life.

　　4. …， because at least…

　　例句：Monotony is a big problem for the moralist because at least half of human's bad habits result from his fear of it.

　　5. …， if only because

　　例句：We are confident if only because we are making progress.

　　Group 5

　　1. … so … that …

　　2. So … that …

　　例句：So scarce is the food that many people suffer from starvation.

　　3. Such … that …

　　例句：Such is the moment that all greats traverse.

　　4. … enough … that …

　　例句：Another excellent way to eliminate error messages is to make the application smartenough that it no longer needs to make unnecessary demands.

　　这几个词组都是围绕常规的“如此…以至于…”句型的一些变形。so 后面加形容词，such 后面加名词，他们两个放句首，需要倒装。

　　这个表达在因果关系种不是特别常见，因为不是每次的原因都可以变到 so/ such 后面去。

　　四. 基础替换词

　　1.“因为”的替换中，now that 和 in that 算是比较少见特别的。前者也有“既然”的意思，而后者在牛津词典中的解释就是：for the reason that。

　　因为(+从句)：because/ since/ as/ for/ for the reason that / now that/ in that

　　例句：Now that major change of the kind long called for is underway， it is incumbent on the international community to help ensure success by lending its full support.

　　2.“所以”的替换中，除了 so/ with the result that 之外，其他一般都用在句首更多，并且需要大写首字母，后面加上逗号。accordingly 也有很多时候放在句末，表示“相应地”。

　　所以(+句子)：so/ therefore/ thus/ hence/ as a result/ as a consequence/ consequently/ for this reason/ for all these reasons/ so that/ accordingly/ with the result that

　　例句：Many students spend two or more hours playing video games each day. As a result，their grades suffer and they sometimes need to repeat classes.

　　3. 由于(+非句子)：due to/ because of/ result from/ owing to/ thanks to/ on account of/ as a result of/ in consequence of

　　例句：The erratic fluctuation of market prices is in consequence of an unstable economy.

　　4. “导致”的意思的表达，都算是动词词组，前后需要加上主语和宾语，都不是句子的形式，而是名词或者名词性的词组、动名词、分词等。

　　导致(+非句子)：lead to/ cause/ contribute to/ result in/ give rise to/ bring about

　　例句：Many students spend two or more hours playing video games each day. As a result，their grades suffer and they sometimes need to repeat classes.

　　如果想在类似 lead to 或者 due to 后面加一长串完整的句子，我们可以写成 due to the fact that/ lead to the fact that，虽然这样非常啰嗦，但是以凑字数为目的，也是一个选择。

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